Imagine having to keep everything that depends on electricity connected to the wall— it would be extremely impractical and sometimes impossible. Thanks to batteries, we don't have to do this. Batteries store generated electrical energy and allow us to operate independently of outlets and wall plugs. There are two major battery types: primary and secondary.
Primary batteries are disposable— they cannot be recharged once they are depleted and their electrochemical reactions cannot be reversed. They are used for application in devices that consume low amounts of power and should last quite a while. Alkaline batteries are the most common type of primary batteries. They have high specific-energy, are environmentally friendly, and cost-effective but have low load currents so they cannot be used for all portable battery applications. They are common in devices such as remote controls, toys, and wrist watches.
Secondary batteries are rechargeable— their chemical reactions can be reversed when a certain voltage to the battery is applied in the reversed direction. They are the most cost-effective battery for long term applications. They are used in high drain applications, such as vehicles and load leveling in electricity generation. Secondary batteries can be categorized into four different types based on their chemical composition: lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), and lead-acid. The chemistry determines certain things such as their specific energy, cycle life, shelf life, and price.
Ni-CD batteries are good at maintaining voltage and holding the charge when they're not being used, but when they’re recharged at partially charged battery levels, it lowers their future capacity. They have a good life cycle at low temperatures and are able to deliver full capacity at high discharge rates. Small packs of Ni-CD batteries are used for toys, portable and electronic devices while bigger packs are used for aircraft starting batteries, electric vehicles, and standby power supplies. Ni-MH batteries are similar to Ni-CD, but they are not susceptible to the same issue— when they’re recharged at partially charged battery levels, it doesn’t lower their future capacity. They also have a higher capacity and energy density.
Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density and low self-discharge and are the most popular type of secondary batteries. They have the best performance-to-weight ratio. Lead-acid batteries are used for heavy-duty applications. They have low energy-to-volume and low energy-to-weight ratios; however, they have a large power-to-weight ratio.
When selecting a battery that will best fit your needs, remember to choose one based on their energy density, power density, safety, life cycle durability, and cost. There’s a big difference between a battery good for a child’s toy and a battery good for an emergency walkie-talkie.
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